全文获取类型
收费全文 | 58337篇 |
免费 | 4733篇 |
国内免费 | 7623篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 46427篇 |
晶体学 | 775篇 |
力学 | 859篇 |
综合类 | 709篇 |
数学 | 6579篇 |
物理学 | 15344篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 701篇 |
2022年 | 930篇 |
2021年 | 2095篇 |
2020年 | 1813篇 |
2019年 | 1685篇 |
2018年 | 1291篇 |
2017年 | 1644篇 |
2016年 | 1973篇 |
2015年 | 1950篇 |
2014年 | 2410篇 |
2013年 | 3789篇 |
2012年 | 3376篇 |
2011年 | 3566篇 |
2010年 | 2981篇 |
2009年 | 3778篇 |
2008年 | 3685篇 |
2007年 | 4017篇 |
2006年 | 3243篇 |
2005年 | 2367篇 |
2004年 | 2164篇 |
2003年 | 2037篇 |
2002年 | 4190篇 |
2001年 | 1824篇 |
2000年 | 1283篇 |
1999年 | 1010篇 |
1998年 | 907篇 |
1997年 | 782篇 |
1996年 | 752篇 |
1995年 | 694篇 |
1994年 | 644篇 |
1993年 | 711篇 |
1992年 | 677篇 |
1991年 | 481篇 |
1990年 | 397篇 |
1989年 | 310篇 |
1988年 | 310篇 |
1987年 | 226篇 |
1986年 | 241篇 |
1985年 | 342篇 |
1984年 | 245篇 |
1983年 | 147篇 |
1982年 | 304篇 |
1981年 | 474篇 |
1980年 | 431篇 |
1979年 | 468篇 |
1978年 | 371篇 |
1977年 | 283篇 |
1976年 | 242篇 |
1974年 | 77篇 |
1973年 | 154篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
强流脉冲电子束在材料中的能量沉积剖面、能量沉积系数和束流传输系数受其入射角的影响很大,理论计算了0.5~2.0MeV的电子束以不同的入射角在Al材料中的能量沉积剖面和能量沉积系数,并且还计算了0.4~1.4MeV电子束以不同入射角穿透不同厚度C靶的束流传输系数。计算结果表明,随着入射角的增大,靶材表面层单位质量中沉积的能量增大,电子在靶材料中穿透深度减小,能量沉积系数减小,相应的束流传输系数也减小;能量为0.5~2.0MeV的电子束当入射角在60°~70°时在材料表面层单位质量中沉积的能量较大。 相似文献
82.
Mariusz Gadzinowski Stanislaw Sosnowski 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2003,41(23):3750-3760
New biodegradable/biocompatible ABC block copolymers, poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(glycidol)‐b‐poly(L ,L ‐lactide) (PEO‐PGly‐PLLA), were synthesized. First, PEO‐b‐poly(1‐ethoxyethylglycidol)‐b‐PLLA was synthesized by a successive anionic ring‐opening copolymerization of ethylene oxide, 1‐ethoxyethylglycidyl ether, and L ,L ‐lactide initiated with potassium 2‐methoxyethanolate. In the second step, the 1‐ethoxyethyl blocking groups of 1‐ethoxyethylglycidyl ether were removed at weakly acidic conditions leaving other blocks intact. The resulting copolymers were composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments joined by short polyglycidol blocks with one hydroxyl group in each monomeric unit. These hydroxyl groups may be used for further copolymer transformations. The PEO‐PGly‐PLLA copolymers with a molecular weight of PLLA blocks below 5000 were water‐soluble. Above the critical micellar concentration (ranging from 0.05 to1.0 g/L, depending on the composition of copolymer), copolymers formed macromolecular micelles with a hydrophobic PLLA core and hydrophilic PEO shell. The diameters of the micelles were about 25 nm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3750–3760, 2003 相似文献
83.
Liyue Liu Yingge Yang Yafei Zhang 《Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures》2004,24(3-4):343-348
The electrical conductivity was investigated for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) dissolved in chloroform and toluene, respectively. The electrical conductivity remarkably increased with increase in the content of MWNTs, which is in accordance with Archie's equation . Furthermore, a hypothesis of the electronic transport process was proposed to explain the difference between the solution and the solid compound. In addition, the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity shows that log σ vs. 1/T exist in a good linear relationship. The activation energy of the electrical conductivity decreased with increase in concentration and an inflexion was observed at 60 °C in MWNT/toluene solution. 相似文献
84.
1 INTRODUCTION Carbon nanotubes have many potential applica- tions due to their unique structures and properties[1~4]. Physicists have been studying their electrical, me- chanical and other properties since their discove- ries[5, 6]. Recently, chemists are interested in carbon nanotubes because their properties can be altered by chemical functionalization[7~14], and these functiona- lized nanotubes can undergo further chemical trea- tment. So the potential application range of such na- … 相似文献
85.
ZHU Yabin ZHOU Yueliang LIU Zhen WANG Shufang CHEN Zhenghao U Huibin YANG Guozhen XlAO Ling Ren Hongtao JIAO Yulei Zheng Minghui 《中国科学G辑(英文版)》2004,47(2):165-172
The irreversibility field (Hirr) of Y-based superconductor is much higher than that of Bi-based superconductor. Y-based superconductor is capable of maintaining stable electrical currents in high magnetic field and electric field, so it is a better suited mate-rial for electric-current applications. Commonly, the Y-based tapes comprise a YBCO thick film deposited on a flexible substrate, typically with an intermediate buffer layer, and an overcoat of noble metal. In this process, the interm… 相似文献
86.
B.I. Sturman A.S. Gorkunova K.H. Ringhofer 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2003,23(2):291-297
We investigate analytically and numerically the influence of the type of the photorefractive nonlinear response on the periodic
states (attractors) which occur during feedback controlled 2W-coupling and correspond to almost 100% diffraction efficiency
of the dynamic index grating. In addition to the case of the local response typical, for example, for LiNbO3 crystals we consider the cases of nonlocal (diffusive) response (BaTiO3, SBN) and resonant response (DC-biased BSO, BTO, and BGO crystals). It is shown that the conditions for the transition to
the periodic states and their apparent characteristics are strongly different for the two limiting cases above.
Received 16 July 2002 / Received in final form 29 October 2002 Published online 4 March 2003 相似文献
87.
We predict ultraslow collapse of “tubular image states” (TIS) on material surfaces. TIS are bound Rydberg-like electronic states formed at large distances (∼30 nm) from the surfaces of suspended circularly-symmetric nanowires, such as metallic C nanotubes. The states are formed in potential wells, resulting from a combination of the TIS-electron attraction to image charges in the nanotube and its centrifugal repulsion, caused by spinning around the tube. We demonstrate that TIS can collapse on the tube surface by passing their angular momentum l to circularly polarized flexural phonons excited in the tube. Our analysis shows that for highly detached TIS with l ? 6 the relaxation lifetimes are of the order of 10 ns-1 μs, while for l < 6 these lifetimes are reduced by several orders of magnitude. 相似文献
88.
A new electroactive polynuclear inorganic compound of rare earth metal, gadolinium hexacyanoferrate (GdHCF), was prepared and characterized using the techniques of FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), UV-Vis spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ICP atomic emission spectroscopy, and EDX. The results of ICP atomic emission spectroscopy, EDX, and TGA indicated that the prepared GdHCF sample had a stoichiometry of NaGdFe(CN)6·12H2O (when GdHCF was prepared in NaCl solution). The FTIR spectrum of GdHCF showed that there were two types of water molecules in the structure of GdHCF: one was the interstitial water (5 H2O), which resulted from the association of water due to H-bonding, and the other was water coordinated with Gd (7 H2O). The results obtained using XPS showed that the oxidation state of Fe and Gd in the GdHCF sample was +2 and +3, respectively. GdHCF was immobilized on the surface of spectroscopically pure graphite (SG) electrode forming the GdHCF/SG electrode, and the solid-state electrochemistry of the resultant electrode was studied using cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammetric results indicated that the GdHCF/SG electrode exhibited a pair of well-defined and stable redox peaks with the formal potential of E0′=(197±3) mV. The effects of the concentration of the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical characteristics of GdHCF were studied, and the results showed that the value of E0′ increased linearly with the activity of the cationic ion of the supporting electrolyte (lgaNa+), with a slope of 54.1 mV, which may become a novel method for determining the activity of Na+ in solution. Further experimental results indicated that GdHCF had electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA), and the electrocatalytic current increased linearly with the concentration of DA (or AA) in the range of 1.0–10.0 mmol·L?1 (for DA) or 0.5–20.0 mmol·L?1 (for AA). 相似文献
89.
Christian J. -F. Dupraz Patrick Nickels Udo Beierlein Wendy U. Huynh Friedrich C. Simmel 《Superlattices and Microstructures》2003,33(5-6):369
This paper provides an overview of recent research developments in the field of nanoelectronics with organic materials such as carbon nanotubes and DNA-templated nanowires. Carbon nanotubes and gold electrodes are chemically functionalized in order to contact carbon nanotubes by self-assembly. The transport properties of these nanotubes are dominated by charging effects and display clear Coulomb blockade behaviour. A different approach towards nanoscale electronics is based on the molecular recognition properties of biomolecules such as DNA. As an example, DNA is stretched between electrodes using a molecular combing technique. A two-step metallization procedure leads to the formation of highly conductive gold nanowires. 相似文献
90.
Results of two urgent and practically important directions of research on the indirect oxidation of organic compounds by highly reactive intermediates generated electrochemically from oxygen (HO2
–, HO2
·, HO·) are considered and orderly arranged. The studies in question are the indirect synthesis and mineralization of organic toxicants in waste water. 相似文献